Kinderkinetics motor intervention framework for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: : An e-Delphi perspective

An e-Delphi perspective
Contributors
Aletta M Du Plessis Monique de Milander Frederik F Coetzee Dané Coetzee
DOI icon https://doi.org/10.36386/sajrsper.v45i3.342
Abstract

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a motor coordination disorder that persists if intervention is not provided. Local guidelines are unavailable for intervention in children with probable DCD (p-DCD), and the aim of this study was to develop a motor intervention framework focusing specifically on the South African population within the scope of kinderkinetics, based on expert information, as a guideline for children with DCD or p-DCD. Twenty-nine kinderkinetics experts from South Africa participated in a three-round e-Delphi process. Round one obtained consensus and opinions from the experts by reviewing literature findings on intervention for children with DCD or p-DCD. Rounds two and three were based on answers and opinions provided in round one to determine an 80% agreement to accept the statement. Ten main elements formed the foundation for the motor intervention framework. The main focus areas of the framework were intervention planning, goal setting, intervention approaches, intervention apparatus, intervention delivery mode, additional role players, settings, dosage (time, duration, frequency and number of sessions), and evaluation. Understanding that the causes of DCD are heterogeneous was essential in finalising the framework. The research provided unique and collated feedback from kinderkinetics experts to develop a motor intervention framework for children with DCD or p-DCD within the scope of kinderkinetics in South Africa.

References
  1. AMADOR-RUIZ, S.; GUTIERREZ, D.; MARTÍNEZ-VIZCAÍNO, V.; GULÍAS-GONZÁLEZ, R.; PARDO-GUIJARRO, M.J. & SÁNCHEZ-LÓPEZ, M. (2018). Motor competence levels and prevalence of developmental coordination disorder in Spanish children: the MOVI-KIDS study. Journal of School Health, 88(7): 538-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12639
  2. APA (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  3. ASHKENAZI, T.; WEISS, P.L.; ORIAN, D. & LAUFER, Y. (2013). Low-cost virtual reality intervention program for children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot feasibility study. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 25(4): 467-473. https://doi.org/10.1097/pep.0b013e3182a74398
  4. BIOTTEAU, M.; ALBARET, J.M.; LELONG, S. & CHAIX, Y. (2017). Neuropsychological status of French children with developmental dyslexia and/or developmental coordination disorder: are both necessarily worse than one? Child Neuropsychology, 23(4): 422-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2015.1127339
  5. BLANK, R.; BARNETT, A.L.; CAIRNEY, J.; GREEN, D.; KIRBY, A.; POLATAJKO, H.; ROSENBLUM, S.; SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B; SUGDEN, D.; WILSON, P. & VINÇON, S. (2019). International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 61: 242-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14132
  6. BLANK, R.; SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B.; POLATAJKO, H. & WILSON, P. (2012). European Academy for Childhood Disability (EACD): Recommendations on definition, diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (long version). Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 54(1): 54-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04171.x
  7. CAÇOLA, P. (2014). Movement difficulties affect children's learning: An overview of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Learning Disabilities, 20(2): 98-106. https://doi.org/10.18666/LDMJ-2014-V20-I2-5279
  8. CAÇOLA, P.; ROMERO, M.; IBANA, M. & CHUANG, J. (2016). Effects of two distinct group motor skill interventions in psychological and motor skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot study. Disability and Health Journal, 9(1): 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.07.007
  9. CERMAK, S.A.; KATZ, N.; WEINTRAUB, N.; STEINHART, S.; RAZ-SILBIGER, S.; MUNOZ, M. & LIFSHITZ, N. (2015). Participation in physical activity, fitness, and risk for obesity in children with developmental coordination disorder: a cross-cultural study. Occupational Therapy International, 22(4): 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1002/oti.1393
  10. COETZEE, D. & PIENAAR, A.E. (2013). The effect of visual therapy on the ocular motor control of seven-to eight- year-old children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11): 4073-4084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.036
  11. COETZEE, D. & PIENAAR, A.E. (2015). Kinderkinetics: Best practice in South Africa. Global Journal of Health and Physical Education Pedagogy, 3(4):380-386.
  12. DE MILANDER, M.; COETZEE, F.F. & VENTER, A. (2014). Developmental coordination disorder in grade 1 learners. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 20(3:1):1075-1085. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC162464
  13. DE MILANDER, M., COETZEE, F.F. & VENTER, A. (2015). Perceptual-motor intervention for developmental coordination disorder in grade 1 children. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 37(2): 15-32. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC177833
  14. DELGADO-LOBETE, L.; PÉRTEGA-DÍAZ, S.; SANTOS-DEL-RIEGO, S. & MONTES-MONTES, R. (2020). Sensory processing patterns in developmental coordination disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 100: 103608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103608
  15. DENYSSCHEN, M.; COETZEE, D. & SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B.C.M. (2021). Children with poor motor skills have lower health-related fitness compared to typically developing children. Children, 8(867): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100867
  16. DRAGHI, T.T.G.; NETO, J.L.C.; ROHR, L.A.; JELSMA, L.D. & TUDELLA, E. (2020). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria, 96(1): 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.03.002
  17. ERNST, J.E. (2003) The effect of an intervention programme on 9–12-year-old farm labourer children with DCD based on an integrated approach. Master's dissertation. Potchefstroom, South Africa: North-West University.
  18. FERGUSON, G.D.; JELSMA, D.; JELSMA, J. & SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B.C.M. (2013). The efficacy of two task-orientated interventions for children with developmental coordination disorder: Neuromotor task training and Nintendo Wii Fit training. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(9): 2449-2461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.007
  19. FERGUSON, G.D.; NAIDOO, N. & SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B.C.M. (2015). Health promotion in a low-income primary school: children with and without DCD benefit, but differently. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 35(2): 147-162. https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2015.1009230
  20. GOUWS, C. Influence of an 8-week kinderkinetic movement programme on the scholastic performance of children aged 6-8 years. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 21(4:2): 1355-1362. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC182295
  21. GIANNAROU, L. & ZERVAS, E. (2014). Using Delphi technique to build consensus in practice. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 9(2), 65-82.
  22. HUNG, W.W.Y. & PANG, M.Y.C. (2010). Effects of group-based versus individual-based exercise training on motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(2): 122-128. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0496
  23. LEE, D.; PSOTTA, R. & VAGAJA, M. (2016). Motor skills interventions in children with developmental coordination disorder: a review study. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 9(2): 20-29. https://doi.org/10.5507/euj.2016.007
  24. LUCAS, B.R.; ELLIOTT, E.J.; COGGAN, S.; PINTO, R.Z., JIRIKOWIC, T.; MCCOY, S.W. & LATIMER, J. (2016). Interventions to improve gross motor performance in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a meta-analysis. BMC Pediatrics, 16(1): 193. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0731-6
  25. MARTINI, R.; MANDICH, A. & GREEN, D. (2014). Implementing a modified cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance approach for use in a group format. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 77(4): 214-219. https://doi.org/10.4276/030802214X13968769798917
  26. NASA, P.; JAIN, R. & GREEN, D. (2021). Delphi methodology in healthcare research: How to decide its appropriateness. World Journal of Methodology, 11(4): 116-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v11.i4.116
  27. NIEDERBERGER, M. & SPRANGER, J. (2020). Delphi technique in health sciences: A map. Frontiers in Public Health, 8: 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00457
  28. NOVAK, I. (2013). Evidence to practice commentary new evidence in developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 33(2): 170-173. https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2013.780421
  29. NWORIE, J. (2011). Using the Delphi technique in educational technology research. Tech Trends, 55(5): 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-011-0524-6
  30. PEENS, A. (2005). A comparison of different interventions for children with developmental coordination disorder. Master's dissertation. Potchefstroom, South Africa: North-West University. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/999
  31. PEENS, A. & PIENAAR, A.E. (2007). The effects of gender and ethnic differences on the success of intervention programmes for the motor proficiency and self-concept of 7–9-year-old DCD children. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 29(1): 113-128. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v29i1.25959
  32. PIENAAR, A.E. (1994). Die voorkoms en remediëring van groot motoriese agterstande by kinders in die junior primêre fase. PhD tesis. Potchefstoom, South Africa: North-West University http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1454
  33. PIENAAR, A.E. & LENNOX, A. (2006). Die effek van ‘n motoriese intervensieprogram gebaseer op ‘n geïntegreerde benadering vir 5- tot 8-jarige plaaswerkerkinders met DCD: FLAGH-studie. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 28(1): 69-83. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v28i1.25932
  34. PIENAAR, A.E. & ERNST, J.E. (2007). The influence of an integrated intervention approach on DCD children: FLAGH study. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 13(1): 238-252. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC108821
  35. PIENAAR, A.E., VAN RENSBURG, E. & SMIT, A. (2011). Effect of a Kinderkinetics programme on components of children's perceptual-motor and cognitive functioning. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 33(3): 113-128. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46471435
  36. PIENAAR, A.E.; BARHORST, R. & TWISK, J.W.R. (2014). Relationships between academic performance, SES school type and perceptual-motor skills in first grade South African learners: NW-CHILD study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(3): 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12059
  37. PIENAAR, A.E. & KEMP, C. 2014. Motor proficiency profile of grade 1 learners in the North West province of South Africa: NW-child study. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 36(1): 167-182.
  38. PIENAAR, A.E. (2020). Motoriese ontwikkeling, groei, motoriese agterstande, die asessering en die intervensie daarvan: ‘n handleiding vir nagraadse student in kinderkinetika. 4de uitgawe. Potchefstroom.
  39. PRESTON, N.; MAGALLÓN, S.; HILL, L.J.; ANDREWS, E.; AHERN, S.M. & MON-WILLIAMS, M. (2017). A systematic review of high quality randomized controlled trials investigating motor skill programs for children with developmental coordination disorder. Clinical Rehabilitation, 31(7): 857-870. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215516661014
  40. SABLATZKY, T. (2022). Methods moment: The Delphi method. Hypothesis, 34(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18060/26224
  41. SCHENKMAN, M., DEUTSCH, J.E., & GILL-BODY, K.M. (2006). An integrated framework for decision making in neurologic physical therapist practice. Physical Therapy, 86: 1681-1702. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20050260
  42. SCHOEMAKER, M.M.; NIEMEIJER, A.; FLAPPER, B.C.T. & SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B.C.M. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 Checklist for children with and without motor impairments. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 54(4): 368-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04226.x
  43. SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B.C.M.; BLANK, R.; VAN DER KAAY, A.; MOSTERD-VAN DER MEIJS, R.; VLUGT-VAN DEN BRAND, E.; POLATAJKO, H.J. & WILSON, P.H. (2012). Efficacy of interventions to improve motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 54(4): 368-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12008
  44. SMITS-ENGELSMAN, B.; VINÇON, S.; BLANK, R.; QUADRADO, V.H.; POLATAJKO, H. & WILSON, P.H. (2018). Evaluating the evidence for motor-based interventions in developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 74: 72-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2018.01.002
  45. SPRANGER, J., HOMBERG, A., SONNBERGER, M. & NIEDERBERGER, M. (2022). Reporting guidelines for Delphi techniques in health sciences: a methodological review. Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen (ZEFQ), 172: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zefq.2022.04.025
  46. SOUTH AFRICAN PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTE OF KINDERKINETICS. (2020). "What is Kinderkinetics?" Hyperlink: [https://kinderkinetics.co.za/p/706900/what-is-kinderkinetics]. Retrieved on 20 July 2020.
  47. STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA. (2018). Overcoming poverty and inequality in South Africa: an assessment of drivers, constraints and opportunities. Hyperlink: [http://www.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/themes/umkhanyakude/documents/South_Africa_Poverty_and_Inequality_Assessment_Report_2018.pdf] Retrieved on 2 February 2023.
  48. VAN BILJON, A. & LONGHURST, G.K. 2011. Effects of a kinderkinetic programme on the gross motor abilities in pre-school children. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance (AJPHERD), 17(3): 441-449. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC19728
  49. VEUGELERS, R., GAAKEE, M., PATKA, P. & HUIJSMAN, R. (2020). Improving design choices in Delphi studies in medicine: the case of an exemplary physician multi-round panel study with 100% response. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20: 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01029-4
  50. WESSELS, Y.; PIENAAR, A.E. & PEENS, A. (2008). Geslags- en rasverskille by 6- en 7-jarige kinders met ontwikkelingskoördinasieversteurings ("DCD") in leerverwante vaardighede en ADHD: navorsings- en oorsigartikel. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, [Transl: Gender and race differences of 6 and 7-year-old children with developmental coordination disorder in learning-related skills and ADHD: research and overview article. Journal of Humanities, 48(4): 493-504. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC20109
  51. WILSON, P.H. (2005). Practitioner review: approaches to assessment and treatment of children with DCD: An evaluative review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8): 806-823. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01409.x
  52. YU, J.J.; BURNETT, A.F. & SIT, C.H. (2018). Motor skill interventions in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 99(10): 2076-2099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.009
  53. ZWICKER, J.G.; REHAL, H.; SODHI, S.; KARKLING, M.; PAUL, A.; HILLIARD, M. & JARUS, T. (2015). Effectiveness of a summer camp intervention for children with developmental coordination disorder. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 35(2): 163-177. https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2014.957431

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Aletta M Du Plessis, Monique de Milander, Frederik F Coetzee, Dané Coetzee (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright of the South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation is held by the author/s and licensed under the CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0