Exploring the interplay of handgrip neuromuscular morphological and psychological characteristics in well-trained and elite athletes:: Gender-specific patterns and discriminant models

Miloš Milošević; Nenad Koropanovski; Marko Vuković; Branislav Božović; Filip Kukić; Miloš Mudrić; Milivoj Dopsaj

doi:10.36386/sajrsper.v47i2.474

Authors

Miloš M. Milošević Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, Belgrade https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2592-451X
Nenad Koropanovski Department of Criminalistics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7196-7185
Marko Vuković Academy for National Security, Belgrade, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-7049
Branislav Božović Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9021-8959
Filip Kukić Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8625-5375
Miloš R. Mudrić Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Milivoj Dopsaj Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-2993

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36386/sajrsper.v47i2.474

Keywords:

Athlete selection, Big Five model, Body mass index, Handgrip strength test, Maximal force of handgrip, Maximal rate of force development of handgrip

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the interplay of neuromuscular characteristics of handgrip and morphological characteristics, along with personality traits, in well-trained and elite athletes. The research involved a sample of 155 well-trained and elite athletes. A cross-sectional design was employed. A sliding device that measures isometric finger flexor force was used to assess handgrip neuromuscular characteristics. Key morphological characteristics, including body height, body mass and body mass index, were measured using a portable stadiometer and the InBody 720 device. Personality traits were evaluated using the Big Five plus Two Questionnaire. The study found numerous significant correlations, among which the positive association of positive valence and maximum force of the dominant (r=0.77) and non-dominant (r=0.82) hand in a group of female elite athletes stand out. The results revealed gender-specific patterns in the relationships examined. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated the presence of statistically significant discriminant functions for all variables assessed, both in female (Wilks’s Λ=0.44, χ²(22)=37.67) and male samples (Wilks’s Λ=0.59, χ²(20)=41.18), with 90% accuracy for females and 80% accuracy for males when discriminating between elite and well-trained athletes. The results support the need for further research in this area to enhance our understanding of the identified correlations.

References

AMAKO, M.; ODA, T.; MASUOKA, K.; YOKOI, H. & CAMPISI, P. (2003). Effect of static stretching on prevention of injuries for military recruits. Military Medicine, 168(6): 442-446. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/168.6.442.

ATKINSON, J.; PIPITONE, R.N.; SOROKOWSKA, A.; SOROKOWSKI, P.; MBERIRA, M.; BARTELS, A. & GALLUP, G.G. (2012). Voice and handgrip strength predict reproductive success in a group of indigenous african females. PLoS ONE, 7(8): e41811. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041811.

BANKOVIC, V.; DOPSAJ, M.; TERZIC, Z. & NESIC, G.(2018). Descriptive body composition profile in female olympic volleyball medalists defined using multichannel bioimpedance measurement: Rio 2016 team case study. International Journal of Morphology, 36(2): 699-707.

BAUDRY, S. & DUCHATEAU, J. (2021). Changes in corticospinal excitability during the preparation phase of ballistic and ramp contractions. The Journal of Physiology, 599(5): 1551-1566. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP281093.

BOHANNON, R.W. (2001). Dynamometer measurements of hand-grip strength predict multiple outcomes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(2): 323-328. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.2.323.

BRYSON, L (1983). Sport and the oppression of women. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 19(3): 413-426. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078338301900303.

CAMPBELL-SILLS, L., COHAN, S.L. & STEIN, M.B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4): 585-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001.

ČOLOVIĆ, P.; SMEDEREVAC, S. & MITROVIĆ, D. (2014). Velikih Pet Plus Dva: Validacija Skraćene Verzije. Primenjena Psihologija, 7(3-1): 227. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2014.3-1.227-254.

COSTA, P.T. & MCCRAE, R.R. (1992). The five-factor model of personality and its relevance to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4): 343-359. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343.

CREWTHER, B.T.; OBMIŃSKI, Z.; TUROWSKI, D.; SZCZEPAŃSKA, B. & MROCZKOWSKA, H. (2024). Associations between the Big Five personality traits, testosterone, and cortisol in adolescent male athletes. Biology of Sport, 41(1): 279-286. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2024.127390.

CRONIN, J., LAWTON, T.; HARRIS, N.; KILDING, A. & MCMASTER, D.T. (2017). A brief review of handgrip strength and sport performance. journal of strength and conditioning research, 31(11): 3187-217. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002149.

CRUST, L. & CLOUGH, P.J. (2005). Relationship between mental toughness and physical endurance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(1): 192-194. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.1.192-194.

DE LA FUENTE, J.; GONZÁLEZ-TORRES, M.C.; ARTUCH-GARDE, R.; VERA-MARTÍNEZ, M.M.; MARTÍNEZ-VICENTE, J.M. & PERALTA-S’ANCHEZ, F.J. (2021). resilience as a buffering variable between the big five components and factors and symptoms of academic stress at university. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12: 600240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.600240.

DEL VECCHIO, A.; NEGRO, F.; HOLOBAR, A.; CASOLO, A.; FOLLAND, J.P.; FELICI, F. & FARINA, D. (2019). You are as fast as your motor neurons: speed of recruitment and maximal discharge of motor neurons determine the maximal rate of force development in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 597(9): 2445-2456. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277396.

DIDERIKSEN, J.L.; DEL VECCHIO, A. & FARINA, D. (2020). Neural and muscular determinants of maximal rate of force development. Journal of Neurophysiology, 123(1): 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00330.2019.

DINIĆ, B.M.; PETROVIĆ, B. & JONASON, P.K. (2018). Serbian adaptations of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) and Short Dark Triad (SD3). Personality and Individual Differences, 134(June): 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.018.

DOPSAJ, M.; MIJALKOVSKI, Z.; VASILOVSKI, N.; COPIC, N.; BRZAKOVIC, M. & MARKOVIC, M. (2018). Morphological parameters and handgrip muscle force contractile characteristics in the first selection level in water polo: Differences between U15 water polo players and the control group. Human Sport Medicine, 18(3), pp.5–15. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm180301.

DOPSAJ, M.; NENASHEVA, A.; TRETIAKOVA, T.; SYROMIATNIKOVA, Y.; SURINA-MARYSHEVA, E.; MARKOVIĆ, S. & DOPSAJ, V. (2019a). Handgrip muscle force characteristics with general reference values at Chelyabinsk and Belgrade students. Human Sport Medicine, 19(2): 27-36. https://doi.org/10.14529/hsm190204.

DOPSAJ, M.; PAJIC, Z.; KOCIC, A.; ERAK, M.; PAJKIC; VICENTIJEVIC, A.; MILOSEVIC, M. & BOZOVIC, B. (2021). Profile for body fat percentage of Serbian working population, aged from 18 to 65, measured by multichannel bioimpedance method. International Journal of Morphology, 39(6): 1694-1700.

DOPSAJ, M.; VALDEVIT, Z.; VUCKOVIC, G.; IVANOVIĆ, J. & BON, M. (2019b). A model of the characteristics of hand grip muscle force based on elite female handball players of various ages. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 25(1): 14-26.

ELEY, D.S., CLONINGER, C.R.; WALTERS, L.; LAURENCE, C.; SYNNOTT, R. & WILKINSON, D. (2013). The relationship between resilience and personality traits in doctors: Implications for enhancing well being. PeerJ, 1: e216. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.216.

FAITH, M.S.; FLINT, J.; FAIRBURN, C.G.; GOODWIN, G.M. & ALLISON, D.B. (2001). Gender differences in the relationship between personality dimensions and relative body weight. Obesity Research, 9(10): 647-650. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.86.

FINK, B.; WEEGE, B.; PHAM, M.N. & SHACKELFORD, T.K. (2016). Handgrip strength and the Big Five personality factors in men and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 88: 175-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.013.

GÁBA, A.; KAPUŠ, O.; CUBEREK, R. & BOTEK, M. (2015). Comparison of multi- and single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of body composition in post-menopausal women: effects of body mass index and accelerometer-determined physical activity. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 28(4): 390-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12257.

GALLUP, A.C.; O’BRIEN, D.T.; WHITE, D.D. & WILSON, D.S. (2010). Handgrip strength and socially dominant behavior in male adolescents. Evolutionary Psychology, 8(2): 229-243.

GALLUP, A.C.; WHITE, D.D. & GALLUP, G.G. (2007a). Handgrip strength predicts sexual behavior, body morphology, and aggression in male college students. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(6): 423-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.001.

GALLUP, A.C.; WHITE, D.D. & GALLUP, G.G. (2007b). Handgrip strength predicts sexual behavior, body morphology, and aggression in male college students. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(6): 423-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.001.

GOLDBERG, S.B.; FLOOK, L.; HIRSHBERG, M.J.; FINDLEY, D.; KESEBIR, P.; SCHAEFER, S.M. & DAVIDSON, R.J. (2017). Getting a grip on the handgrip task: Handgrip duration correlates with neuroticism but not conscientiousness. Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 1367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01367.

HEGERSTAD, C.; DILLERN, T.; GISKE, R. & SHALFAWI, S. (2019). BASES Conference 2019 – Programme and Abstracts, The relationship between mental toughness and physical performance test in police college students. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(sup1): 27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1671688.

INNES, E. (1999). Handgrip strength testing: A review of the literature. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 46(3): 120-140. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1630.1999.00182.x.

IVANOVIĆ, J. & DOPSAJ, M. (2012). Functional dimorphism and characteristics of maximal hand grip force in top level female athletes. Collegium Antropologicum, 36(4): 1231-1240.

JANG, K.L.; LIVESLEY, W.J. & VEMON, P.A. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64(3): 577-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x.

JARIC, S.; MIRKOV, D. & MARKOVIC, G. (2005). normalizing physical performance tests for body size: A proposal for standardization. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2): 467. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-15064.1.

KAMARUL, T.; AHMAD, T. & LOH, W. (2006). Hand grip strength in the adult Malaysian population. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 14(2): 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/230949900601400213.

KERRY, N. & MURRAY, D.R. (2018). Strong personalities: Investigating the relationships between grip strength, self-perceived formidability, and Big Five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 131: 216-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.003.

KNEZEVIC, O.M.; MIRKOV, D.M.; KADIJA, M.; NEDELJKOVIC, A. & JARIC, S. (2014). Asymmetries in explosive strength following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The Knee, 21(6): 1039-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2014.07.021.

KOROPANOVSKI, N.; KUKIĆ, F.; JANKOVIĆ, R.; KOLAREVIĆ, D.; SUBOŠIĆ, D. & ORR, R.M. (2022). Intellectual potential, personality traits, and physical fitness at recruitment: Relationship with academic success in police studies. SAGE Open, 12(1): 215824402210799. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079932.

KRUMPAL, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4): 2025-2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9.

LIU, J.Z.; YANG, Q.; YAO, B.; BROWN, R.W. & YUE, G.H. (2005). Linear correlation between fractal dimension of EEG signal and handgrip force. Biological Cybernetics, 93(2): 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-005-0561-3.

MAFFIULETTI, N.A.; AAGAARD, P.; BLAZEVICH, A.J.; FOLLAND, J.; TILLIN, N. & DUCHATEAU, J. (2016). Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(6): 1091-1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3346-6.

MAGEE, C.A.; HEAVEN, P.C.L. & MILLER, L.M. (2013). Personality change predicts self‐reported mental and physical health. Journal of Personality, 81(3): 324-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00802.x.

MARKOVIĆ, S.; DOPSAJ, M. & VELJKOVIĆ, V. (2020). Reliability of Sports Medical Solutions Handgrip and Jamar Handgrip Dynamometer. Measurement Science Review, 20(2): 59-64. https://doi.org/10.2478/msr-2020-0008.

MCCRAE, R.R. & COSTA, Jr., P.T. (1995). Positive and negative valence within the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(4): 443-460. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1995.1026.

MCGRATH, R.; JOHNSON, N.; KLAWITTER, L.; MAHONEY, S.; TRAUTMAN, K.; CARLSON, C.; ROCKSTAD, E. & HACKNEY, K.J. (2020). What are the association patterns between handgrip strength and adverse health conditions? A topical review. SAGE Open Medicine, 8: p.205031212091035. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312120910358.

MCGRATH, R.P.; KRAEMER, W.J.; SNIH, S.A. & PETERSON, M.D. (2018). Handgrip strength and health in aging adults. Sports Medicine, 48(9): 1993-2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0952-y.

MEY, R.; CALATAYUD, J.; CASAÑA, J.; TORRES-CASTRO, R.; CUENCA-MARTÍNEZ, F.; SUSO-MARTÍ, L.; ANDERSEN, L.L. & LÓPEZ-BUENO, R. (2022). Handgrip strength and respiratory disease mortality: Longitudinal analyses from SHARE. Pulmonology, S2531043722002240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2022.09.007.

MILOŠEVIĆ, M.M.; KOROPANOVSKI, N.; VUKOVIĆ, M.; BOŽOVIĆ, B.; KUKIĆ, F.; MUDRIĆ, M.R.; STAMATIS, A. & DOPSAJ, M. (2025). Exploring the interplay of handgrip neuromuscular, morphological, and psychological characteristics in tactical athletes and general population: Gender- and occupation-based specific patterns. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(1): 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10010022.

MORLINO, D.; MARRA, M.; CIOFFI, I.; SAMMARCO, R.; SPERANZA, E.; DI VINCENZO, O.; DE CAPRIO, C.; DE FILIPPO, E. & PASANISI, F. (2021). A proposal for reference values of hand grip strength in women with different body mass indexes. Nutrition, 87-88: 111199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111199.

MUELLER, S., WAGNER, J.; DREWELIES, J.; DUEZEL, S.; EIBICH, P.; SPECHT, J.; DEMUTH, I.; STEINHAGEN-THIESSEN, E.; WAGNER, G.G. & GERSTORF, D. (2016). Personality development in old age relates to physical health and cognitive performance: Evidence from the Berlin Aging Study II. Journal of Research in Personality, 65: 94-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.08.007.

MUELLER, S.; WAGNER, J.; SMITH, J.; VOELKLE, M.C. & GERSTORF, D. (2018). The interplay of personality and functional health in old and very old age: Dynamic within-person interrelations across up to 13 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6): 1127-1147. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000173.

NUZZO, J.L. (2023). Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37(2): 494-536. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004329.

OSHIO, A.; TAKU, K.; HIRANO, M. & SAEED, G. (2018). Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127: 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.048.

PAGE, S.T.; AMORY, J.K.; BOWMAN, F.D.B.; ANAWALT, B.D.; MATSUMOTO, A.M.; BREMNER, W.J. & TENOVER, J.L. (2005). Exogenous testosterone (T) alone or with finasteride increases physical performance, grip strength, and lean body mass in older men with low serum T. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90(3): 1502-1510. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1933.

PAPADAKIS, Z.; STAMATIS, A.; KUKIC, F. & KOROPANOVSKI, N. (2021). Moving past the one-size-fits-all education-training model of police academies to the self-prescribed individualized exercise prescription model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21): 11676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111676.

PILIS, K.; STEC, K.; PILIS, A.; MROCZEK, A.; MICHALSKI, C. & PILIS, W. (2019). Body composition and nutrition of female athletes. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny, 243-251. https://doi.org/10.32394/rpzh.2019.0074.

PUHAN, M.A.; AKL, E.A.; BRYANT, D.; XIE, F.; APOLONE, G. & RIET, G. (2012). Discussing study limitations in reports of biomedical studies- the need for more transparency. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1): 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-23.

RAKIĆ, S.; DOPSAJ, M.; NIKIC, M.D.; VASILJEVIC, N.; DOPSAJ, V.; MAKSIMOVIC, M.; TOMANIC, S.M & MILJUS, D. (2019). Profile and reference values for body fat and skeletal muscle mass percent at females, aged from 18.0 to 69.9, measured by multichannel segmental bioimpedance method: Serbian population study. International Journal of Morphology, 37(4): 1286-1293. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022019000401286.

REALE, R.; BURKE, L.M.; COX, G.R. & SLATER, G. (2020). Body composition of elite Olympic combat sport athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(2): 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1616826.

ROBERTSON, K.; LAUREYS, F.; MOSTAERT, M.; PION, J.; J.A. DECONINCK, F. & LENOIR, M. (2022). Mind, body, and shuttle: multidimensional benchmarks for talent identification in male youth badminton. Biology of Sport, 39(1): 79-94. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.101603.

RODRÍGUEZ‐ROSELL, D.; PAREJA‐BLANCO, F.; AAGAARD, P. & GONZÁLEZ‐BADILLO, J.J. (2018). Physiological and methodological aspects of rate of force development assessment in human skeletal muscle. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 38(5): 743-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12495.

ROSS, P.T. & ZAIDI, N.L.B. (2019). Limited by our limitations. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(4): 261-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40037-019-00530-X.

SAYER, A.A. & KIRKWOOD, T.B.L. (2015). Grip strength and mortality: a biomarker of ageing? The Lancet, 386(9990): 226-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62349-7.

STEFANOVICS, E.A.; EDWARDS, L.M. & PIETRZAK, R.H. (2021). Personality and body mass index in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Psychiatric Quarterly, 92(3): 917-923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09878-4.

STEPHAN, Y.; SUTIN, A.R.; CANADA, B.; DESHAYES, M.; KEKÄLÄINEN, T. & TERRACCIANO, A. (2022). Five-factor model personality traits and grip strength: Meta-analysis of seven studies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 160: 110961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110961.

SULLIVAN, G.M. & FEINN, R. (2012). Using effect size—or why the P value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4(3): 279-282. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1.

SUTIN, A.R.; STEPHAN, Y. & TERRACCIANO, A. (2018). Facets of conscientiousness and objective markers of health status. Psychology & Health, 33(9): 1100-1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1464165.

SUTIN, A.R. & TERRACCIANO, A. (2016a). Five‐Factor model personality traits and the objective and subjective experience of body weight. Journal of Personality, 84(1): 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12143.

SUTIN, A.R. & TERRACCIANO, A. (2016b). Personality traits and body mass index: Modifiers and mechanisms. Psychology & Health, 31(3): 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1082561.

TAN, L.F.; CHAN, Y.H.; DENISHKRSHNA, A. & MERCHANT, R.A. (2024). Association between different skeletal muscle mass indices, physical function, and inflammation in obese pre-frail older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 118: 105289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2023.105289.

TASIC, R.; RAJOVIC, N.; PAVLOVIC, V.; DJIKANOVIC, B.; MASIC, S.; VELICKOVIC, I.; MOSTIC, D.; CUMIC, J.; MILCANOVIC, P.; JANICIJEVIC, V.; STANISAVLJEVIC, D. & MILIC, N. (2020). Nursery teachers in preschool institutions facing burnout: Are personality traits attributing to its development? PLoS ONE, 15(11): e0242562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242562.

TRAJKOV, M.; CUK, I.; EMINOVIC, F.; KLJAJIC, D. & DOPSAJ, M. (2018). Relationship between hand grip strength and endurance and postural stability in active and sedentary older women. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 43: 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.09.006.

VAN DYKE, N. & DRINKWATER, E.J. (2014). Review Article Relationships between intuitive eating and health indicators: Literature review. Public Health Nutrition, 17(8): 1757-1766. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002139.

VUKMIROVIC, M.; RAJOVIC, N.; PAVLOVIC, V.; MASIC, S.; MIRKOVIC, M.; TASIC, R.; RANDJELOVIC, S.; MOSTIC, D.; VELICKOVIC, I.; NESTOROVIC, E.; MILCANOVIC, P.; STANISAVLJEVIC, D. & MILIC, N. (2020). The burnout syndrome in medical academia: psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory—Educators Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16): 5658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165658.

WEN, Y.; LIU, T.; MA, C.; FANG, J.; ZHAO, Z.; LUO, M.; XIA, Y.; ZHAO, Y. & JI, C. (2022). Association between handgrip strength and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 996645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.996645.

WOODS, K.; BISHOP, P. & JONES, E. (2007). Warm-up and stretching in the prevention of muscular injury. Sports Medicine, 37(12): 1089-1099. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00006.

ZARIĆ, I.; KUKIĆ, F.; JOVIĆEVIĆ, N.; ZARIĆ, M.; MARKOVIĆ, M.; TOSKIĆ, L. & DOPSAJ, M. 2020. Body height of elite basketball players: Do taller basketball teams rank better at the FIBA World Cup? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9): 3141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093141.