Best practices in physical education in the BRICS countries
A comparative data analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36386/sajrsper.v47i2.615Keywords:
Best practises, BRICS, Physical education, TeachersAbstract
This study investigates best practices in physical education according to education experts across Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), with the aim of providing recommendations and guidelines for the enhancement of the implementation of quality physical education. Employing qualitative research within Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theoretical framework, data were collected via open-ended questionnaires from 11 purposefully selected physical education educators representing the BRICS nations. Themes identified through inductive content analysis encompassed physical education activities and pedagogy, status and support of physical education teachers, community involvement and governmental policies and initiatives. Participants highlighted the need for diverse, inclusive and autonomy-supportive activities, enhanced teacher recognition and training, community and parental engagement, supportive government policies, and continuous research. Applying Bronfenbrenner's framework, the study explains how factors within microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems influence physical education practices and policies within the BRICS nations, and brings forth recommendations for the elevation of physical education status, equal access to quality physical education resources, supportive learning environments, and learner-centred approaches to foster engagement and promote active lifestyles across diverse contexts within the BRICS nations.
References
ACTIVE HEALTHY KIDS INDIA (AHKI) (2022). AHKI. Hyperlink: [https://www.activehealthykidsindia.com/]. Retrieved on 10 June 2025.
AHMED, M.D.; HO, W.K.Y.; VAN NIEKERK, R.L.; SULZ, L. & BEGUM, S. (2020). Social support and sports participation motivations of female adolescents in India – study of age transition and achievement level. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 88(1): 49-67. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0025
AHMED, M.D. & GODIYAL, S. (2021). A study on teacher education in India: Physical education, some policy issues and challenges. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 2(3): 131-139. https://doi.org/10.25299/es:ijope.2021.vol2(3).7335
ARAUJO, R.H.O.; WERNECK, A.O.; BARBOZA, L.L.; RAMIREZ-VELEZ, R.; MARTINS, C.M.L.; TASSITANO, R.M.; SILVA, E.C.M.; DE JESUS, G.M.; MATIAS, T.S.; DE LIMA, L.R.A.; BRAZO-SAYAVERA, J. & SILVA, D.R. (2022). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of physical activity and sitting time among South American adolescents: a harmonised analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(52): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01291-3
AUBERT, S.; BARNES, J.D.; DEMCHENKO, I.; HAWTHORNE, M.; ABDETA, C.; ABI NADER, P.; ADSUAR SALA, J.C.; AGUILAR-FARIAS, N.; AZNAR, S.; BAKALÁR, P.; BHAWRA, J.; BRAZO-SAYAVERA, J.; BRINGAS, M.; CAGAS, J.Y.; CARLIN, A.; CHANG, C.; CHEN, B.; CHRISTIANSEN, L.B.; CHRISTIE, C.J.; DE ROIA, G.F.; DELISLE NYSTRÖM, C.; DEMETRIOU, Y.; DJORDJIC, V.; EMELJANOVAS, A.; FINDLING ENDY, L.; GÁBA, A.; GALAVIZ, K.I.; GONZÁLEZ, S.A.; HESKETH, K.D.; HUANG, W.Y.; HUBONA, O.; JEON, J. Y.; JURAKIĆ, D.; JÜRIMÄE, J.; KATAPALLY, T.R.; KATEWONGSA, P.; KATZMARZYK, P. T.; KIM, Y.; LAMBERT, E.V.; LEE, E.; LEVI, S.; LOBO, P.; LÖF, M.; LONEY, T.; LÓPEZ-GIL, J.F.; LÓPEZ-TAYLOR, J.; MÄESTU, E.; MAHENDRA, A.; MAKAZA, D.; MALLARI, M.F.T.; MANYANGA, T.; MASANOVIC, B.; MORRISON, S.A.; MOTA, J.; MÜLLER-RIEMENSCHNEIDER, F.; MUÑOZ BERMEJO, L.; MURPHY, M.H.; NAIDOO, R.; NGUYEN, P.; PAUDEL, S.; PEDIŠIĆ, Ž.; PÉREZ-GÓMEZ, J.; REILLY, J.J.; REIMERS, A.K.; RICHARDS, A.B.; SANTOS SILVA, D.A.; SAONUAM, P.; SARMIENTO, O.L.; SEMBER, V.; SHAHRIL, M.R.; SMITH, M.; STANDAGE, M.; STRATTON, G.; SUBEDI, N.; TAMMELIN, T.H.; TANAKA, C.; TESLER, R.; THIVEL, D.; TLADI, D.M.; TLUČÁKOVÁ, L.; VANDERLOO, L. M.; WILLIAMS, A.; WONG, S.H.S.; WU, C.; ZEMBURA, P. & TREMBLAY, M.S. (2022). Global Matrix 4.0 Physical Activity Report Card Grades for Children and Adolescents: Results and Analyses From 57 Countries. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 19(11): 700-728. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2022-0456
BARBOSA-FILHO, V.C.; COSTA, R.M.D.; KNEBEL, M.T.G.; OLIVEIRA, B.N.D.; SILVA, C.B.D.A. & SILVA, K.S.D. (2018). The prevalence of global physical activity among young people: A systematic review for the Report Card Brazil 2018. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 20: 367-387. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n4p367
BASSI, S.; GUPTA, V.K.; PARK, M.; NAZAR, G.P.; RAWAL, T.; BHAUMIK, S.; KOCHHAR, K.P. & ARORA, M. (2019). School policies built environment and practices for non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention and control in schools of Delhi, India. Plos One, 14(4): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215365
BHAWRA, J.; KHADILKAR, A.; KRISHNAVENI, G.V.; KUMARAN, K. & KATAPALLY, T.R. (2023). The 2022 India Report Card on physical activity for children and adolescents. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 21(1): 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.10.013
BEN-DAVID, B. & NEL, N. (2013). Applying Bronfenbrenner 's ecological model to identify the negative influences facing children with physical disabilities in rural areas in Kwa-Zulu Natal. Africa Education Review, 10 (3): 410-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2013.853538
BOTAGARIYEV, T.; KOLOKOLTSEV, M.; ROMANOVA, E.; TISSEN, P.; USTSELEMOVA, N.; TONOYAN, K.; BAYANKIN, O.; KUBIYEVA, S.; MAMBETOV, N.; STEPANOVA, L. & TRETYAKOVA, N. (2021). National and regional component of physical education curricula for school children in Kazakhstan and Russia. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(2): 860-867. DOI:10.7752/jpes.2021.02107
BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (BGME). (2018). Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Hyperlink: [http://basenacionalcomum.mec.gov.br/abase/#fundamental/educacao-fisica]. Retrieved on 3 August 2023.
BRICS BRAZIL. (2020). What is BRICS. Hyperlink: [https://brics.br/en/about-the-brics]. Retrieved on 30 March 2020.
BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION (BBC). (2024). BRICS: What is the group and which countries are joining? Hyperlink: [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66525474]. Retrieved on 30 January 2024.
BRONFENBRENNER, U. & MORRIS, P.A. (2006). Theoretical models of human development. In R.M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed.) (pp. 793-838). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. https://awspntest.apa.org/record/2006-08774-014
BURNETT, C. (2020). Key findings of a national study on school sport and physical education in South Africa public schools. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 42(3): 43-60. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajrs/article/view/202655
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION INDIA (CBSE). (2020). Secondary School Curriculum Class IX – X 2020-21. Hyperlink: [https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain21/Main-Secondary/Intitial_pages_sec_2020-21.pdf] Retrieved on 28 August 2023.
CHIN, M.K.; ANDERSON, E.; DE RIDDER, J.H.; UVINHA, R.R. & DURSTINE, J.L. (2019). BRICS to BRICSCESS – a perspective for practical action in the promotion of healthy lifestyles to improve public health in five countries. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8: 520-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.07.008
DA SILVA BANDEIRA, A.; DE PAULA RAVAGNANI, F.C.; BARBOSA-FILHO, V.C.; DE OLIVEIRA, V.J.M.; DE CAMARGO, E.M.; MARINHO TENÓRIO, M.C.; SANDRESCHI, P.F.; DOS SANTOS, P.C.; RAMIRES, V.V.; HALLAL, P.C. & SILVA, K.S. (2022). Mapping recommended strategies to promote active and healthy lifestyles through physical education classes: a scoping review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(36): 1-20.
DE BRUIJN, A. G. M.; MOMBARG, R. & TIMMERMANS, A. C. (2021). The importance of satisfying children’s basic psychological needs in primary school physical education for PE-motivation, and its relations with fundamental motor and PE-related skills. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 27(4): 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1906217
DE JESUS, G.M.; DE OLIVEIRA ARAUJO, R.H.; DIAS, L.A.; BARROS, A.K.C.; DOS SANTOS, L.D.M. & DE ASSIS, M.A.A. (2022). Attendance in physical education classes, sedentary behaviour, and different forms of physical activity among schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 22(1461): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13864-9
DRAPER, C.E.; TOMAZ, S.A.; BASSETT, S.H.; HARBRON, J.; KRUGER, H.S.; MICKLESFIELD, L.K.; MONYEKI, A. & LAMBERT, E.V. (2019). Results from the Healthy Active Kids South Africa 2018 Report Card. South African Journal of Child Health, 13(3): 130-136. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-18aafc6eeb
DU TOIT, D. (2019). Service-learning within field experience of physical education teacher education in South Africa: experiences of pre-service and in-service teachers. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2019, 41(1): 13-29.
FERNANDEZ-RIO, J. & BERNABE-MARTIN, J. (2019). Facebook and sport education: Mirroring the model at home to promote parental involvement. Sport, Education, and Society, 24(8): 814-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2018.1470971
FERRAZ, O. L.; VIDONI, C. & BOAS, M. V. (2020). Bridging the gap between theory and practice: the impact of school–university partnership in a PETE program. Sport, Education and Society, 26(7), 788-799. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1851182
GONCALVES, L.L.; PARKER, M.; LUGUETTI, C. & CARBINATTO, M. (2022). The facilitator’s role in supporting PE teachers’ empowerment in a professional learning community. Sport, Education and Society, 27(3): 272-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1825371
HUHTINIEMI, M.; SÄÄKSLAHTI, A.; WATT, A. & JAAKKOLA, T. (2019). Associations among basic psychological needs, motivation and enjoyment within Finnish physical education students. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 18(2): 239-247. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191093/
KOLOSNITSYNA, M.G.; KHORKINA, N.A. & LOPATINA, M.V. (2018). “The factors of physical activities in Russian youth: Evidence from micro-data”. National Research University Higher School of Economics. Hyperlink: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3307765]. Retrieved on 19 February 2024.
KOMOVA, E.; LITVINOV, S. & SKOTNIKOVA, A. (2015). Sport education at Russian high schools (from 18th to 21st century). International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3(2): 55-63. https://doi.org/10.14486/IJSCS256
KORNEICHUK, D. (2020). “Physical education in Soviet schools – what was it like?”. Russia Beyond. Hyperlink: [https://www.rbth.com/history/331873-physical-education-in-soviet-schools]. Retrieved on 16 February 2022.
LESTER, J.N.; CHO, Y. & LOCHMILLER, C.R. (2020). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: A starting point. Human Resource Development Review, 19(1): 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320903890
LETSELEHA, T.; KEMP, C.; DU TOIT, D.; VAN DER MERWE, N & WILLEMSE, F. (2024). Early career teachers' perceptions of the effectiveness of pre-service teacher training for real-world Physical Education settings. African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences, 30 (1): 128-148. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-ajpherd1_v30_n1_a9
LIU, Y.; KE, Y.; LIANG, Y.; ZHU, Z.; CAO, Z.; ZHUANG, J.; CAI, Y.; WANG, L.; CHEN, P. & TANG, Y. (2023). Results from the China 2022 report card on physical activity for children and adolescents. Journal of Exercise, Science & Fitness, 21(1): 1-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.10.004
MAREE, K.; CRESWELL, J.W.; EBERSÖN, L.; ELOFF, I.; FERREIRA, R.; IVANKOVA, N.V.; JANSEN, J.D.; NIEUWENHUIS, J.; PIETERSEN, J. & PLANO CLARK, V.L. (2016). First steps in research (2nd ed.). Pretoria: Van Schaik.
MCNAMARA, S.W. (2023). Dismantling school administrators’ neoliberal priorities: Creating spaces for physical educators to thrive. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 94(7): 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2023.2237368
MEIER, S. (2021). Pedagogical content knowledge in students majoring in physical education vs. sport science. the same but different? German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 51: 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00725-7
MENG, X.; HORRELL, A.; MCMILLAN, P. & CHAI, G. (2021). ‘Health First’ and curriculum reform in China: The experiences of physical education teachers in one city. European Physical Education Review, 27(3): 595-612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20977886
MERRIAM-WEBSTER INC. (2024). Merriam-Webster dictionary. Hyperlink: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/best%20practice]. Retrieved on 28 June 2024.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF INDIA (MEI). (2020). Early Childhood Care and Education: Foundations of Learning. National Education Policy 2020. Hyperlink: [https://www.education.gov.in/shikshakparv/Infographics/ECCE_en.pdf]. Retrieved on 25 June 2024.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF INDIA (MOEI). (2023). “Fit India Movement: National Sports Day celebration 2023”. IISER Berhampur. Hyperlink: [https://www.iiserbpr.ac.in/engage/news/news-item.php?id=52]. Retrieved on 28 June 2024.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (MOEC) (2009). Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Republic of China. http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/laws_ policies/201506/t20150626_191391.html Retrieved on 3 September 2023.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (MERF). (2015) Education for All 2015 National Review: 2014 A national report of the Russian Federation on the “Education for all” programme. Hyperlink: [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000230799]. Retrieved on 9 August 2024.
MINISTRY OF SPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (MSRF). (2015). “Physical Education and Sport Development in the Russian Federation 2016-2020”. Federal Program Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation official website. Hyperlink: [http://minstm.gov.ru] Retrieved on 15 January 2022.
OELOFSE, V. (2019). Onderwyserpersepsies rakende leerdermotivering na afloop van 'n Liggaamlike Opvoeding-indiensopleidingsprogram (Teacher perceptions regarding learner motivation following a physical education in-service training programme). Masters’ thesis. Potchefstroom, South Africa: North-West University. https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/35298/22292063%20Oelofse%20V.pdf?sequence=1
OZAKI, C.C.; OLSON, A.B.; JOHNSTON-GUERRERO, M.P. & PIZZOLATO, J.E. (2020). Understanding persistence using a phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory. Community College Review, 48(3): 252-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091552120906884
PALLACE, E. S.; PRIETO, J. L.; DUARTE, M. M. & RUIZ, J. F. (2024). Impact of an intervention program based on self-determination theory on basic psychological needs, intention to be physically active and life satisfaction of high school students: A longitudinal study. Retos, 56: 228-237. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/index
PAULSON, A.; HODGES KULINNA, P. & VAN DER MARS, H. (2022). Effect of parental involvement on perceptions of physical education. The Physical Educator, 79: 441-465. DOI:10.18666/TPE-2022-V79-I4-n265
PEREIRA, T.B.L.; DE ABREU VAN MUNSTER, M. & GRENIER, M. (2022). Individualised education plan applied to physical education as a support for inclusion in Brazilian schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 28(12): 2713-2727. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2022.2123963
RAMIRES, V.V.; DOS SANTOS, P.C.; BARBOSA-FILHO, V. & BANDEIRA, A. (2023). Physical education for health among school-aged children and adolescents: a scoping review of reviews. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 20: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2022-0395
RICHARDS, K.A.R.; GAUDREAULT, K.L.; STARCK, J.R. & WOODS, A.M. (2018). Physical education teachers’ perceptions of perceived mattering and marginalisation. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(4): 445-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1455820
RUSSIAN FEDERATION COUNCIL (RFC). (2023). “Federal Law No. 329-FZ of December 4, 2007 (as amended on June 24, 2023). On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation” ConsultantPlus (Russian). Hyperlink: [https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_73038/49aa774305aa60becb736b352cd40269cc6d43b5/]. Retrieved on 3 August 2023.
SATIJA, A.; KHANDPUR, N.; SATIJA, S.; MATHUR GAIHA, S.; PRABHAKARAN, D.; REDDY, K. S.; ARORA, M. & VENKAT NARAYAN, K. M. (2018). Physical activity among adolescents in India: A qualitative study of barriers and enablers. Health Education & Behavior, 45(6): 926-934. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118778332
SHAPE AMERICA. (2009). Appropriate Instructional Practice Guidelines, K-12: A Side-by-Side Comparison SHAPE America – Society of Health and Physical Educators. Hyperlink: [www.shapeamerica.org/upload/Appropriate-Instructional-PracticeGuidelines-K-12.pdf]. Retrieved on 5 July 2020.
SILVA, D.A.S.; PELEGRINI, A.; CHRISTOFARO, D.G.D.; FERRARI, E.P.; FERRARI, G.; SILVA, K.S.; DE LIMA, L.R.A.; NARDO, N.; DOS SANTOS SILVA, R.J. & FILHO, V.C.B. (2022). Results from Brazil’s 2022 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16). https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/16/10256#
SILVA, U.O.A; NASCIMENTO, G.L; KELLY SANTOS, I.; PM AZEVEDO, K.; F SANTOS, C.; KNACKFUSS, M.I. & MEDEIROS, H.J. (2017). Health program in a Brazilian school. Salud Pública de México, 59(1): 28-33. https://doi.org/10.21149/8412
SOUTH AFRICAN DEPARTMENT OF BASIC EDUCATION (SADBE). (2011). Grades 10-12. Life Orientation Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS). Hyperlink: [https://www.education.gov.za/Curriculum/CurriculumAssessmentPolicyStatements(CAPS).aspx]. Retrieved on 16 August 2023.
STAHL, N.A. & KING, J.R. (2020). Expanding approaches for research: understanding and using trustworthiness in qualitative research. Journal of Developmental Education, 44(1): 26-28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45381095
STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (SCPRC). (2020). China equips schools with better physical, aesthetic education. Hyperlink: [http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202012/15/content_WS5fd7f239c6d0f72576941dfc.html]. Retrieved on 28 August 2023.
STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (SCPRC). (2021). China to integrate student health education and all-around development. Hyperlink: http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202109/05/content_WS6133f8f3c6d0df57f98dfb0e.html]. Retrieved on 13 August 2023.
STROEBEL, L.C.E.; HAY, J. & BLOEMHOF, H.J. (2019), An active and winning South African nation: Can the gap between ideal and reality be narrowed? South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 41(3): 101-115. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajrs/article/view/191660#:~:text=Journal%20Identifiers-,eISSN%3A%202960%2D2386,-print%20ISSN%3A%200379 Retrieved on 9 May 2025.
SUMARJONO, S.; NOPEMBRI, S. & YULIARTO, H. (2024). Genealogy on policies and strategies of physical education for elementary schools in Indonesia. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 57: 416-425. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/index
TENORIO, M.C.M.; COELHO-RAVAGNANI, C.; UMPIERRE, D.; ANDRADE, D.R.; AUTRAN, R.; DE BARROS, M.V.G.; BENEDETTI, T.R.B.; CAVALCANTE, F.V.S.A.; CYRINO, E.S.; DUMITH, S.C.; FLORINDO, A.A.; GARCIA, L.M.T.; MANTA, S.W.; DA SILVA, J.R.M.; DA SILVA, K.S.; SIQUEIRA, F.C.V.; HALLAL, P.C. & THE BRAZILIAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY GUIDELINES WORKING GROUP. (2022). Physical activity guidelines for the Brazilian population: Development and methods. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 19: 367-373. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2021-0756
TURNER, L.; CALVERT, H.G. & CHALOUPKA, F.J. (2018). Barriers to shared use of indoor and outdoor facilities at US elementary schools. Journal of School Health. 88(5): 379-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12621
UMPIERRE, D.; COELHO-RAVAGNANI, C.; TENORIO, M.C.; ANDRADE, D.R.; AUTRAN, R.; DE BARROS, M.V.G.; BENEDETTI, T.R.B.; CAVALCANTE, F.V.S.A.; CYRINO, E.S.; DUMITH, S.C.; FLORINDO, A.A.; GARCIA, L.M.T.; MANTA, S.W.; MIELKE, G.I.; RITTI-DIAS, R.M.; MAGALHAES, L.L.; SANDRESCHI, P.F.; DA SILVA, J.R.M.; DA SILVA, K.S.; SIQUEIRA, F.C.V. & HALLAL, P.C. (2022). Physical activity guidelines for the Brazilian population: recommendations report. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 19: 374-381. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2021-0757
UNICEF SOUTH AFRICA. (2018). UNICEF, Supersport and WWE celebrate the power of sport to help foster violence-free schools. Hyperlink: [https://www.unicef.org/southafrica/stories/unicef-supersport-and-wwe-celebrate-power-sport-help-foster-violence-free-schools]. Retrieved on 25 June 2025.
UNITED NATIONS (UN) (2024). Convention on the rights of the child. Hyperlink: [https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child]. Retrieved on 28 June 2024.
VAN DER WESTHUIZEN, S.J. (2018). Die effek van 'n indiens-opleidingprogram op onderwysers se persepsies van Liggaamlike Opvoeding (The effect of an in-service training programme on teachers’ perceptions of physical education). Masters’ thesis. Potchefstroom, South Africa: North-West University. https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/30861/Van%20der%20Westhuizen,%20SJ21129894%20.pdf?sequence=1
VOS, D. & DE BEER, L. (2018). A comparative study of the nature and role of education governance in the education systems of the BRICS countries. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, Jaargang, 58(1): 77-95. https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2018/v58n1a5
WEBSTER, C.A. (2023). The comprehensive school physical activity program: An invited review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 17(6): 762-774. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276221093543
WHITTLE, R. J.; BENSON, A.C.; ULLAH, S. & TELFORD, A. (2017). Student performance in high-stakes examinations based on content area in senior secondary (VCE) physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(6): 632-646. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1310831
WU, L.X.; MA, Y.; SHI, S.; TAO, Y. & WANG, Y.S. 2019. China National Assessment of Education Quality - Physical Education & Health (CNAEQ-PEH) 2015: An Introduction. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(2): 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1603762
YANG, C. (2021). Moral education in mainland China today: A bio-ecological systems analysis. Journal of Moral Education, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2020.1847054
YITING, E.; YANG, J.; SHEN, Y. & QUAN, X. (2023). Physical activity, screen time, and academic burden: A cross-sectional analysis of health among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 (6): 36981825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064917
ZELLER, D.A. (2018). The professional development of non-specialist physical education teachers in the Foundation Phase in the Royal Bafokeng Schools. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Johannesburg, South Africa: University of Johannesburg. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajrs/article/download/221724/209234
ZHOU, Y.; WANG, L.; WANG, B. & CHEN, R. (2022). Physical activity during physical education in elementary school in China: the role of teachers. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 27(4): 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1903410
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Vasti Oelofse, Nico van der Merwe, Dorita du Toit, J Hans de Ridder (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright of the South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation is held by the author/s and licensed under the CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0




