South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation
The South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation (SAJRSPER) is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research articles, systematic reviews, commentaries, and letters on topics related to Sport and Exercise Science, Physical Education and Recreation. This includes research of topics in the areas of Biomechanics, Kinanthropometry, Kinesiology, Perceptual-Motor Control, Motor Learning, Sport Psychology, Sociology of Sport, Sports Injuries and Rehabilitation, Clinical Exercise interventions, Physical Education, Outdoor- and Recreation-related Activities and Sport Management. Material that is particularly unique and relevant to the subject content at an international and national level would be considered.
North-West University: Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec)
Copyright of the South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation is held by the author/s and licensed under the CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
Balance and strength in nonprofessional dancers with snapping hip:
Snapping hip syndrome (SHS) is prevalent among dancers, affecting their well-being and increasing injury risk. Little is known about SH and its relationships with factors commonly associated with injury. The study aimed to describe and compare (affected vs. unaffected sides) dynamic balance, hip muscle strength, functional turnout (FTO), compensated turnout (CTO) and passive hip external rotation (HER) range of motion (ROM) in nonprofessional dancers with SH and explore interrelationships. The cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of adult and adolescent nonprofessional dancers diagnosed with SH, from multigenre dance schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Demographic information was collected. Outcome measures were the numeric pain rating scale (pain), Y balance test (dynamic balance), goniometry (active and passive HER) and handheld dynamometry (hip muscle strength). Affected and unaffected sides were randomly tested. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests for side-to-side comparisons, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for age comparisons across pain categories, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients to explore relationships between variables. Twenty-three women voluntarily participated (mean age: 22 (6.4) years). Study outcomes did not differ between affected and unaffected sides (p=0.28–0.70). HER muscle strength on the affected side and CTO demonstrated a moderate positive correlation (r=0.51, p=0.01), suggesting that improving HER muscle strength will improve FTO.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roxanne Lategan, Karina Berner, Yolandi Brink (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Best practices in physical education in the BRICS countries
This study investigates best practices in physical education according to education experts across Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), with the aim of providing recommendations and guidelines for the enhancement of the implementation of quality physical education. Employing qualitative research within Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theoretical framework, data were collected via open-ended questionnaires from 11 purposefully selected physical education educators representing the BRICS nations. Themes identified through inductive content analysis encompassed physical education activities and pedagogy, status and support of physical education teachers, community involvement and governmental policies and initiatives. Participants highlighted the need for diverse, inclusive and autonomy-supportive activities, enhanced teacher recognition and training, community and parental engagement, supportive government policies, and continuous research. Applying Bronfenbrenner's framework, the study explains how factors within microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems influence physical education practices and policies within the BRICS nations, and brings forth recommendations for the elevation of physical education status, equal access to quality physical education resources, supportive learning environments, and learner-centred approaches to foster engagement and promote active lifestyles across diverse contexts within the BRICS nations.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Vasti Oelofse, Nico van der Merwe, Dorita du Toit, J Hans de Ridder (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perceptions on the role of physical activity in education and youth wellbeing:
This study aims to evaluate the place and importance of physical activity in education through the views of high school students and teachers. Using a qualitative methodology, semistructured interviews were conducted with physical education and sports teachers and students in high schools located in Hakkari and Van, Turkey. The sample consisted of 31 students (29% female, 71% male, mean age=15.32 years) and 15 teachers (47% female, 53% male, mean age=33.80 years). A phenomenological design was adopted to explore the perceived effects of physical activity on students’ academic, personal, and social development. Findings suggest that physical activity contributes positively to students’ motivation, physical fitness, responsibility, and life experience. However, time management difficulties and reduced study time were identified as negative aspects. Participants highlighted that sports classes and school teams enhance students’ self-confidence, discipline, and social interaction skills. Challenges such as limited emphasis on sports in the education system, lack of specialised teachers and inadequate physical infrastructure were also noted. In addition, students’ perceptions of violence during sports activities were examined, revealing various negative psychological effects. Overall, the study emphasises the need for regionally sensitive, balanced and well-structured physical activity programmes to support students’ educational and developmental outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Davut AÇAR, Resul DURAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploring the interplay of handgrip neuromuscular morphological and psychological characteristics in well-trained and elite athletes:
This study aimed to explore the interplay of neuromuscular characteristics of handgrip and morphological characteristics, along with personality traits, in well-trained and elite athletes. The research involved a sample of 155 well-trained and elite athletes. A cross-sectional design was employed. A sliding device that measures isometric finger flexor force was used to assess handgrip neuromuscular characteristics. Key morphological characteristics, including body height, body mass and body mass index, were measured using a portable stadiometer and the InBody 720 device. Personality traits were evaluated using the Big Five plus Two Questionnaire. The study found numerous significant correlations, among which the positive association of positive valence and maximum force of the dominant (r=0.77) and non-dominant (r=0.82) hand in a group of female elite athletes stand out. The results revealed gender-specific patterns in the relationships examined. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated the presence of statistically significant discriminant functions for all variables assessed, both in female (Wilks’s Λ=0.44, χ²(22)=37.67) and male samples (Wilks’s Λ=0.59, χ²(20)=41.18), with 90% accuracy for females and 80% accuracy for males when discriminating between elite and well-trained athletes. The results support the need for further research in this area to enhance our understanding of the identified correlations.
Maximal rate of force development of handgrip
Copyright (c) 2025 Miloš M. Milošević, Nenad Koropanovski, Marko Vuković, Branislav Božović, Filip Kukić, Miloš R. Mudrić, Milivoj Dopsaj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Changes in somatotype, and lower back strength in University-level female netball players during one season
Netball is a popular, high-intensity team sport played globally by more than 20 million players. Due to the high intensity and high participation levels, there is a high injury prevalence. The lower back region has been identified as the third most common site of injury within female team sports, with somatotype also influencing injury rates within netball. The objective of this research was to evaluate changes and explore relationships between somatotype and lower back strength (LBS) during a single netball season in university-level female netball players. A lack of evidence was found to support a relationship between changes in LBS and changes in a raw ectomorph (p=0.741), mesomorph (p=0.677) and endomorph (p=0.81) somatotype score during a single netball season in university-level female netball players. Statistically significant differences were noted for mesomorph somatotype score which increased LBS (12.35 kg) at the end of the season compared with the beginning of the season (p=0.004). A relationship between whole-body muscle strength and a dominant mesomorph somatotype score is important in netball because increased strength leads to adequate lumbo-pelvic hip-complex stability, thus reducing injuries and improving athletic performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruan Janse van Rensburg, Henriette V. Hammill, Mark Kramer, Yolandi Willemse (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploring the link: Active recreation, leisure boredom, and life satisfaction in South African undergraduate students
Student wellbeing is a growing research field, with limited research in a South African context, especially on the benefits of campus recreation sport (CRS) to students. This study determines the correlations between the frequency of participation in CRS, leisure boredom, and satisfaction with life (SWL) of undergraduate students at North-West University (NWU). A cross-sectional design was used with 512 students completing an online survey. Demographic information and data on frequency of participation, SWL, and leisure boredom were used. Spearman’s correlation was used to determine relationships between variables. Students were 48% male and 52% female and included white (71%), black (22%), coloured (6%) and “other” (1%) students. A significant negative correlation was found between SWL and leisure boredom (r=-0.170). Frequency of participation across all forms of CRS had a significant negative correlation with leisure boredom (r=-0.146) and a significant positive correlation with SWL (r=0.135). Outdoor activities showed the strongest positive correlation with SWL (r=0.143) and negative correlation with leisure boredom (r=-0.149). A significant positive correlation exists between active participation and satisfaction with life, and a significant negative correlation between total participation and leisure boredom, although these correlations were weak. The results indicate the potential of CRS to benefit students’ SWL.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadine Labuschagné, Cornelia M Schreck, J Theron Weilbach (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The effects of different exercise programmes on injury risk and explosive power in adolescent basketball players: A randomised controlled trial
This study analysed the effects of different exercise programmes on basketball players. Participants were randomly assigned to core stability (CSG), neuromuscular exercise (NEG) or control group (CG). Over 8 weeks, CSG performed core exercises, NEG neuromuscular exercises, and CG routine warm-ups. Assessments included the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), vertical jump (VJ), horizontal jump (HJ) and sprint tests. Post-test results showed improvements in deep squat, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility push-up, rotational mobility and FMS-total scores for CSG and NEG compared with CG (p<0.05). Post-test rotary stability scores were higher in CSG compared with NEG and CG, while active straight leg raise and trunk stability push-up scores were greater in CSG than CG (p<0.05). Both CSG and NEG showed improvements in VJ and sprint scores compared with CG (p<0.05). CSG improved in deep squat, trunk stability push-up, rotary stability and FMS-total scores compared with NEG and CG, while NEG had greater increases in VJ and sprint scores than CSG and CG (p<0.05). While core stability and neuromuscular exercises enhanced explosive power and FMS scores, suggesting a potential reduction in injury risk, the study did not directly measure injury incidence. Therefore, these exercises should be considered part of a broader injury prevention strategy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tayfun Arslan, Mehtap Malkoc, Berkiye Kirmizigil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The modulatory role of fermented Rooibos on oxidative stress and its impact on submaximal exercise performance in adult males
Excessive production and accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during exercise may cause oxidative stress and impact exercise performance. Rooibos with polyphenolic constituents may modulate the effects of oxidative stress during physical activities. This blinded randomised, cross-over placebo-controlled study included 30 adult males who consumed 375 ml of standardised fermented rooibos herbal extract or placebo beverage before completing a sub-maximal exercise, followed by 10 sprint bouts on a Wattbike. Rooibos appears to enhance the endogenous antioxidant defence system with increased levels of circulatory total and reduced glutathione in the participants and decreased levels in serum markers of muscle damage, creatinine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase. Mean submaximal trials (effort=75%–80% of maximum heart rate and/or 13 RPE Borg Scale) indicated after consuming rooibos, participants cycled for longer (291.83 s vs. 253.50 s: difference=14.05%), further (2790.30 m vs. 2434.93 m: difference=13.60%); produced 3.65% more power (W) and 2.42% more force (N). Mean cardiovascular responses during rooibos were modest when compared with the increased time and distance achieved, (134.55 bpm vs. 131.26 bpm: difference=2.40%) and relative oxygen uptake (27.32 ml/min/kg vs. 25.84 ml/min/kg: difference=5.53%). This suggests that rooibos may benefit metabolic responses during submaximal exercise, demonstrating its potential as an ergogenic aid.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oiva V Kamati, Simeon E H Davies, Roan Louw, Laura Bragagna, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Dirk Bester, Jeanine L Marnewick (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence, knowledge, and association of dietary supplement usage among University of KwaZulu-Natal students
The use of dietary supplements (DS) is rapidly increasing, with the industry valued at R7 billion annually in South Africa. University students, particularly vulnerable to DS use, often lack awareness of potential risks. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, knowledge and association of DS usage with physical activity among University of KwaZulu-Natal students. An online questionnaire gathered data on DS knowledge and usage related to physical activity. Descriptive statistics summarised the data, while inferential statistics determined significance, set at p≤0.05. Results showed 13.6% of students used DS, with no significant difference between health science (58.3%) and life science students (41.7%) (p=0.8). Physically active DS users (41.7%) outnumbered sedentary users (16.7%) (p=0.03). Primary motives for DS use included enhancing energy, improving performance and boosting immunity. Health science students exhibited significantly higher DS knowledge than their non-health science peers (p=0.02). The study concludes that educational interventions are necessary to increase awareness of DS hazards and promote safe usage among students, especially those involved in physical activities, regardless of their academic discipline. Future research should focus on using larger, randomly selected samples to improve the generalisability of the findings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lonwabo Njani, Siphamandla Nyawose (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The impact of Covid-19 on participation , wellbeing and exercise activity in two South African Parkruns
“parkrun” is an international organisation holding weekly, timed 5-km community events for runners and walkers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, parkruns were suspended globally, with gradual resumption in South Africa from October 2021. Comparison of participant event choice and performance at two Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) parkruns was ongoing when COVID-19 began, endabling questioning of previously recruited volunteers on their physical activity and wellness during suspension and after parkrun resumed, to determine effects on fitness and wellbeing. All respondents maintained some physical activity during suspension but missed the camaraderie and emotional support of parkrun. After reopening, 81% of respondents resumed parkrun within 1 year (i.e., by September 2022). Their stated motivations and benefits of parkrun were the same as pre-COVID-19. Enthusiasm for parkrun increased, although commitment to regularly attending a specific parkrun event reduced. The remaining respondents reported losing the habit of attending parkrun, developing new exercise routines, or moving to areas with no parkrun nearby. In the first quarter of 2022, total participation in NMBM parkruns was 29% of pre-COVID-19 numbers; by first quarter 2024 this increased to 69%. Individual parkrun times were initially reduced, but mean participant performance 1 year after resumption was not significantly impaired.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gillian B Dealtry (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
South African secondary school Christian athletes' experiences of athletics during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic
South African secondary school (SASS) Christian (in this case) athletes and their coaches were faced with the postponement of athletics during the COVID-19 lockdown period; however, the athletes and their coaches were able to employ information and communication technology (ICT) and other means to continue training. In the latter part of 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions were lifted, and athletes could resume their training. A qualitative approach was adopted with a case study design, and a Christian lens was used to share their negative and positive experiences during the lockdown period and transition into the new normal. Focus group interviews were conducted with the participant athletes, and questionnaires were completed by each of their coaches and a sports motivator. Various coding methods were used to analyse the data. We were guided by Elliot, Drummond, Prichard, Drummond and Mason’s four themes related to sport: recognising struggle, reconnection, re-engaging after restrictions and re-imagining sport, to arrive at our three emergent themes. Recommendations are offered to sustain and promote SASS athletics and create international participation opportunities.
South African secondary school athletics
Copyright (c) 2025 Soezin Krog, Norma Nel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A positional comparison of anthropometric and physical parameters among youth netball players during the preseason
Netball is an intermittent court-based sport that requires athletes to perform numerous tasks demanding refined physical attributes. The aim of the study was to compare the anthropometric and physical performance metrics across the various playing positions in netball players. A cohort of 150 female netball players (age: 18.8±1.39 years; height: 161.5±7.56 cm; body mass: 56.4±9.24 kg) volunteered for participation. All participants completed a barrage of physical performance tests: anaerobic and aerobic capacities, planned agility, sprint, flexibility, and lower limb and upper body power tests. All data were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis test with pairwise comparisons (p<0.05). Body height (p<0.001), mass (p<0.001) and composition (body fat percentage) (p<0.001) were significantly different across various playing positions. No statistical differences for aerobic (p=0.069), or anaerobic (p=0.273) capacities, and planned agility tests (p=0.156) were noted between playing positions. However, positional differences in sprint times (p<0.001), flexibility (p<0.001) and jump heights (p=0.009) were noted. The study reported differences in anthropometric and physical parameters across the different playing positions, which may have influenced the in-game positional demands and helped determine the key attributes required for each netball position player should have to perform.
Copyright (c) 2025 Darren-Lee Kwong, Andrew Green (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparison of the expectations and perceptions of parents regarding the services provided for children in sports facilities
The aim of this study was to reveal the expectations and perceptions of parents about the services offered to children who benefit from sports facilities. A total of 824 participants consisting of the parents of children receiving sports school services from 13 sports facilities were included in the study sample. The Service Quality Assessment Scale was used as the data collection tool. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was applied to examine the normality of the data. As the data were normally distributed, Mann-Whitney U test was used for independent comparisons and Wilcoxon test was used to determine the difference between two dependent variables. In conclusion, no significant difference was observed between the expected and perceived service quality scores based on the gender of the parents. Although no significant difference was found between the quality of the service received from some facilities and the expectation scores, significance at 0.5 level was detected between the quality of the services received from some facilities and the expectation scores in the sub-dimensions of staff, changing rooms, programme, and facility characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dursun Katkat, Emine Toros (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Challenges of e-sports based on big data and qualitative analyses:
e-Sports has become one of the fastest-growing segments of the sports industry. However, the research trends in e-sports rely heavily on traditional research trends in sport management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to generate a strategic development plan for e-sports based on an in-depth analysis of the current status of the e-sports industry. The two studies conducted used big data analysis and qualitative research methods. For Phase 1, the overall schema of e-sports was established through the analysis of big data on the internet. In Phase 2, three Delphi surveys were conducted and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis was used, involving 13 experts in the field of e-sports in South Korea. Study 1 produced 15 keywords related to the development of e-sports, while 12 subcategories required for the development of e-sports were generated through Study 2. The detailed guidelines for each subcategory were based on the results of this study.
Copyright (c) 2024 Seong-Hee Park, Daniel F. Mahony (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reliability and responsiveness of the Uchi-Komi fitness test among judo athletes
Several tests have been designed to assess the ability of judoka to repeat specific and intense efforts of short duration. To be accepted and adopted, the reliability and construct validity of the test should be confirmed. This study aimed to examine the relative and absolute reliability and the external responsiveness of an intermittent test simulating judo combat (the Uchi-Komi Fitness Test). Seventeen judo athletes of two different levels of performance (elite and non-elite), performed the Uchi-Komi Fitness Test during three sessions separated by 72 hours. The number of Uchi-Komi was recorded. In addition, blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion were measured. The Uchi-Komi Fitness Test showed good relative and absolute reliability in detecting small and meaningful changes. The performances were better in elite vs. non-elite counterparts (p=0.006). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the Uchi-Komi Fitness Test was able to discriminate athletes of different competitive level (receiver operating characteristic curve 0.83). The Uchi-Komi Fitness Test is a good indicator of physical fitness specific to judo and can discriminate between elite and non-elite judokas.
physical fitnesrating of perceived exertion
Copyright (c) 2024 Nafaa Souissi, Helmi Chaabène, Khaled Trabelsi, Mohamed Romdhani, Hamdi Chtourou, Cain C.T. Clark (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Leisure participation and leisure constraints of individuals with lower-limb amputations in SA
This study aimed to determine leisure participation and constraints experienced by individuals with lower limb amputation (LLA) in South Africa. A one-time, cross-sectional quantitative approach was used, incorporating the Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scale–Revised (TAPES-R questionnaire) and the Constraints to Participation Questionnaire. These instruments were integrated into an electronic survey hosted on Google Forms. Fifty participants, with an average of 10 years since their amputation, were included in the study, with 62% having undergone below-knee LLA. Data were analysed using SPSS (version 27). Participants enjoyed a variety of recreational programme areas/activities: sport (52%), aquatics (14%), going to church (14%), adventure (8%) and social recreation (2%), and 10% did not report any recreational activity participation. The frequency of activity participation was high: 56% of participants reported engagement in recreational activities more than once a week or even daily, 16% participated moderately, 20% reported low participation and 8% gave no response. The Constraints to Participation Questionnaire showed overall low values for intrapersonal (1.89±0.38) and interpersonal (1.88±0.22) constraints and slightly higher values for structural constraints (2.22±0.46). Results indicated that individuals with LLA continued to engage in leisure activities by negotiating leisure constraints.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adri Visser , Cindy Kriel, Mariette Swanepoel , Marike Cockeran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kinderkinetics motor intervention framework for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder:
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a motor coordination disorder that persists if intervention is not provided. Local guidelines are unavailable for intervention in children with probable DCD (p-DCD), and the aim of this study was to develop a motor intervention framework focusing specifically on the South African population within the scope of kinderkinetics, based on expert information, as a guideline for children with DCD or p-DCD. Twenty-nine kinderkinetics experts from South Africa participated in a three-round e-Delphi process. Round one obtained consensus and opinions from the experts by reviewing literature findings on intervention for children with DCD or p-DCD. Rounds two and three were based on answers and opinions provided in round one to determine an 80% agreement to accept the statement. Ten main elements formed the foundation for the motor intervention framework. The main focus areas of the framework were intervention planning, goal setting, intervention approaches, intervention apparatus, intervention delivery mode, additional role players, settings, dosage (time, duration, frequency and number of sessions), and evaluation. Understanding that the causes of DCD are heterogeneous was essential in finalising the framework. The research provided unique and collated feedback from kinderkinetics experts to develop a motor intervention framework for children with DCD or p-DCD within the scope of kinderkinetics in South Africa.
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
Copyright (c) 2023 Aletta M Du Plessis, Monique de Milander, Frederik F Coetzee, Dané Coetzee (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Epidemiology of rugby injuries in a South African high school over a one-year period
Adolescent rugby players have a high risk for injuries; however, injury prevention programmes have reduced the incidence of injuries amongst this group. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the epidemiology of rugby injuries at a South African high school over one season. There were 99 participants over a total of 98 matches and the participants were aged between 13 and 18 years. Information on the type of injuries was documented and the injury proportion (IP), injury incidence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, with 1000 player-hours as the denominator. Ninety-nine injuries were recorded, with a total injury incidence of 34.1 injuries/1000 player-hours (95% CI 27.4–40.8). Injuries were predominantly of moderate severity (IP: 25.3%) with a time-loss period of 8 to 28 days. Injuries to the head, neck and spine were the most common (IP: 38.4%; incidence: 13.1; 95% CI 8.9–17.2). The findings on the nature of injuries were largely consistent with current local and international research on high school rugby, with the head, neck and spine remaining at a significant risk of injury. It is recommended that injury prevention programmes further enforce safety guidelines for the protection of the head, neck and spine amongst high school athletes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Phumelele M Skosana, Pieter H Boer, Catherine C Grant, Dimakatso A Ramagole (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
High school water polo talent development environments and team cohesion:
Organised school sport is integral to the development pathways of most South African sports. The highly competitive nature of inter-school leagues often prioritises short-term success over long-term player development. The study compared successful and less successful teams in various talent development environments (TDE) and team cohesion variables based on the log position of a high school’s tournament (u/15 and u/18 age-groups) and established correlations between these variables. A cross-sectional design was used, and 146 boys (average age: 15.51±1.23 years) completed the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire (TDEQ-5) and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ) before the 2020 Mazinter Cup. The top three u/18 teams had significantly higher TDEQ-5 (Overall), Alignment of Expectations, Support Networks, YSEQ (Overall Cohesion), Task Cohesion and Social Cohesion scores than the bottom three teams. The results underscore the well-established cohesion–performance relationship. There were no differences at the u/15 level, where players competed in this age-group for the first time. Moderately strong positive correlations existed between various TDEQ-5 and YSEQ variables. Fostering team cohesion is integral to successful TDEs. Long-term player development and team success can be pursued simultaneously.
Copyright (c) 2023 Lwazi N Madi, Per Göran Fahlström, Heinrich W Grobbelaar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physical activity, body composition and attitudes toward exercise among college students
Regular physical activity (PA) is important in maintaining health and quality of life. Persons who do not regularly exercise or who adopt sedentary behaviour are prone to becoming overweight or obese, with significant impact on morbidity, quality of life, and physical and mental health. Positive attitudes towards exercise can facilitate the behaviours and values of a healthy lifestyle. The study aim was to investigate the association of PA level, body composition and attitudes towards exercise in university students. Body dimensions (height, weight, body mass index and fat percentage) of 300 male and 300 female students were measured and PA levels assessed. Attitudes towards exercise were assessed using a questionnaire. Female students were significantly less involved in PA than their male counterparts, with 24% of male and 63% of female students reporting that they (almost) never exercise. Most students (70%) had normal body weight, but about 20% were overweight. Participant groups (athletes, recreational, inactive, male and female students) had similar moderately positive attitudes towards exercising, which was not associated with body composition or PA level. A positive attitude was insufficient for regular participation in PA, but should be supported by education, as well as by diversified sport and recreational offerings and encouragement to engage in these activities.
Copyright (c) 2023 Arben Osmani, Dušan B Perić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Patterns of participation in active recreation and leisure boredom among university students
Students will experience leisure boredom when they are not exposed to active recreation. The study aimed to determine the participation patterns in active recreation of undergraduate students at a South African university and to what degree they experience leisure boredom. A once-off cross-sectional design consisting of a sample of 581 students was used. Questions related to demographic information, participation frequency, participation format and leisure boredom were included. There were statistically significant differences between the gender groups’ participation frequencies in netball (p=0.010) and social dancing (p=0.044). There were statistically significant differences between all racial groups’ leisure boredom (p=0.000). Medium to large practical significant differences were found between Indian/Asian and Coloured (d=0.9), Coloured and White (d=0.7), and Indian/Asian students and African students (d=0.6). Statistically significant differences (p=0.017) for leisure boredom were found in the total sample for all three accommodation types. Most students prefer to participate on their own or with their friends sharing the same interests, but not all on-campus activities cater to individual participation. This could be because students are more likely to choose activities that provide social opportunities, with the social factor as the second highest-rated motivational factor for active recreation participation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nadine Labuschagne, Cornelia Schreck, J. Theron Weilbach (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploration and description of certified and non-certified rock climbers’ attitudes, perceived social pressures and control over certification
The current lack of knowledge of certification by South African rock climbers often leads to unclear career paths and untrained and illegal guiding that can ultimately prove fatal. This study explored recreational and certified rock climbers’ attitudes regarding certification, social pressure to obtain certification and the extent of control over certification. A qualitative design was used to interview a total of 28 participants; 11 participants were Mountaineering Development and Training Trust (MDT) certified and five participants were South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) qualified. The remaining 12 participants had no formal training and were non-certified. Data were collected in-person through semi-structured one-on-one interviews. The theory of planned behaviour was used as a theoretical framework to analyse the perceptions of rock climbers of certification in South Africa. The findings showed that the perceptions of non-certified rock climbers might be based on incorrect information. This may lead to certification being considered unnecessary when social pressure is not present. Furthermore, participants argued that only professional guides need proper training; in contrast, instructors teaching climbing did not need the same qualification. Ultimately, a change in the attitude of rock climbers towards the need for training could result in an internationally recognised South African rock-climbing industry with higher safety standards and fewer accidents.
Copyright (c) 2023 Minette Strauss, Yolanda Stevens, Johannes T Weilbach (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rock climbers: Deliberate or precautionary risk takers in relation to sensation-seeking
A group of rock climbers were classified into two categories, deliberate or precautionary risk-takers, using the Risk-Taking Inventory (RTI). The aim of the study was to determine if these categories played a role in sensation-seeking behaviour. The study also aimed to determine if the type of risk-taking behaviour correlated with the number of injuries sustained by the participants. The study was quantitative in nature and an exploratory design was used. A sample of 70 rock climbers from the Mountain Club of South Africa participated. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the RTI and the Sensation Seeking Scale-V. Non-parametric statistics were used. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the two risk-taking groups on the total score of the Sensation Seeking Scale-V and its subscales of Disinhibition and Boredom Susceptibility. No significant correlations were observed between the RTI groups and the number of injuries sustained. A significant positive correlation was, however, found between the number of injuries and number of years rock climbing. The results indicated that being a precautionary or deliberate risk-taker will have an impact on rock climbers’ sensation-seeking behaviour but will have no effect on the number of injuries these groups sustain.
Copyright (c) 2023 Nicoleen Coetzee, Sonja N. Mostert, Mariette Croukamp, Armand Luijk (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of the effectiveness of the offensive game model in elite handball
The aim of the study was to identify the success variables associated with the level of efficiency established using an offensive game model during the second phase of the 2013 World Handball Championship for men in Spain. Sixteen matches were selected and 1925 units of observation were analysed, of which 8095 events were recorded using the HandballTAS tool (Handball Tactic Analysis System). The variables analysed to determine offensive effectiveness were individual actions, offensive punishment, degree of opposition, field area, location, numerical situation, and duration. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis in the form of binary logistic regression and classification tree. The classification and regression model correctly classified 81.6% of the dependent variables on offensive effectiveness (assist and numerical situation, p<0.05; field area and location, p<0.001). Offensive effectiveness increases with an assist (53%) and decreases with a shot from the wing-shots (53%), and with a 9-metre shot (65%) compared with a 6-metre shot. In respect of location, efficacy was reduced by 69% with shots in the middle zone of the goal when compared with shots in the lower zone. The probability of success was reduced by 49% in the warning of the passive play situation and 43% in the inferiority situation compared to the equality situation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Iván González-García, Luis Casáis Martínez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of aquatic therapy on motor skill and executive function in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Research has demonstrated the positive effects of different types of physical activity, especially aquatic therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As such, this study aimed to examine the effect of a response-oriented approach using aquatic exercise for children with ASD on motor skills and executive function. In this quasi-experimental design, 40 children aged 7–10 years were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a response-oriented aquatic exercise (ROA) group (n=20) or a control (CON) group (n=20). The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second edition – Short Form (BOTMP-2) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were used to assess motor skill and executive function, respectively. Significant (p≤0.05) differences were found between the ROA and CON groups in receiving (F=38.94, p=0.001) and throwing (F=33.05, p=0.001), static balance (F=44.89, p=0.002), dynamic balance (F=48.51, p=0.010), correct responses (F=3.60, p=0.010), conceptual responses (F=0.34, p=0.010) and perseverative errors (F=1.57, p=0.040). Aquatic exercise was found to be an effective intervention for children with ASD in that it decreases motor deficits and improves executive function. This study provides families, teachers and other specialists with exercise optionality that may be exciting and motivational to children with ASD due to its response-oriented approach.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sanaz Faraji, Mahboubeh G. Najafabadi, Hassan G. Zandi, Ina Shaw (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Virtual training with real-life benefits: A survey investigating online fitness communities during lockdown level 5 in South Africa
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the South African government enforced a strict lockdown during March and April 2020. Strategies to assist people with maintaining physical activity (PA) became important, and online fitness communities (OFC) offered virtual assistance. This study aimed to investigate the benefits of participating in OFC on physical and mental health during lockdown level 5 in South Africa. The study utilised an online survey which included the Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire. Participants maintained PA before and during lockdown (n=335; p=0.5). However, significant declines in PA were reported for those who did not find an OFC helpful in achieving exercise goals (p=0.004), nor motivating in pursuing fitness (p=0.001), and not helpful in alleviating perceived feelings of depression and/or anxiety (p=0.001). Participants who indicated that lockdown positively impacted motivation and that OFC were motivating in achieving fitness goals showed a significant improvement in PA (p=0.003). The proven effectiveness of OFC should encourage all health and fitness practitioners to integrate them for current and future use.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hanlie Pienaar, Pieter H. Boer, Audrey Jansen van Rensburg, Dimakatso A. Ramagole, D. Christa Janse van Rensburg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perspective taking as a predictor of burnout among competitive adolescent squash players
Athlete burnout (ABO) has been identified as a significant concern among youth sportspeople. Conceptualisations of self, or perspective taking, predict mental health among non-athlete adolescents. Consequently, this study aimed to determine how much perspective-taking contributes to ABO among adolescent athletes. A non-experimental correlational design was employed to explore the utility of a three selves model of perspective-taking to predict ABO. One-hundred and sixty-five competitive adolescent squash players were recruited via convenience sampling. Participants completed measures of ABO, Self-as-Content, Self-as-Process and Self-as-Context. Regression analyses were employed to determine the utility of the three-selves model in predicting ABO in the sample. All components of ABO were positively associated with Self-as-Content, and negatively correlated with Self-as-Process and Self-as-Context. Furthermore, Self-as-Content independently predicted a reduced sense of athletic accomplishment and greater sport devaluation. Reduced physical and emotional exhaustion was only predicted by Self-as-Process. Contrary to existing theoretical and empirical literature, Self-as-Context only emerged as a significant predictor of a reduced sense of athletic accomplishment. The current study suggests that perspective-taking plays a noteworthy, yet complex, role in the experience of ABO among competitive adolescent athletes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Andrew F. Martin, Stephen P. Walker, Louise A. McHugh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Fitspiration-effect: Fitness identity of emerging adult females on social media
Social media platforms such as the fitspiration online movement aimed at inspiring health and fitness play an important role in how women internalise health and fitness ideals in their sense of self. This qualitative study recruited 14 emerging adult females using purposive sampling. Data collection focussed on gaining insight into participants’ fitness identity and autophotography and photo elicitation were used. Thematic analysis was used to construct meaning from the data. Participants considered fitness beneficial to their physical and mental health and an important aspect of their recreation, socialisation and identity. The findings emphasised how emerging adult females balance social media discourses found in the fitspiration movement. Their journeys to establish a healthy and stable fitness identity included the value of fitness, inspiration, and upward social comparison, and the dangers of judgement and overemphasis on an ideal body and exercise regime. The process of fitness identity development is complex and especially challenging for emerging adult females who are trying to construct a sense of self while moving through a transitional developmental stage and contending with cultural discourses and social media messages that often prioritise weight loss and physical appearance over health.
Copyright (c) 2023 Cinde Greyling, Luzelle Naudé (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Short-term effect of Kinesiotape™-application on running speed, agility and plyometric performance in amateur soccer players
Soccer is a physically demanding team sport requiring players to run fast, perform multiple changes in direction and jump, among other skills. Soccer players with optimal running speed, agility and plyometric abilities are more likely to be selected for team participation, as they will have enhanced on-the-field performance. Various exercise and rehabilitation protocols exist to ensure optimal player performance, but none focus on the immediate effect of Kinesio tape (Kinesio Holding Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, USA) on the stabilising muscles of the lower limb to influence important basic soccer skills. A one-group pre-test–post-test quasi-experimental design was used. Thirty-three male university-level soccer players aged 18–35 years with no history of lower limb surgery were included. Baseline testing was performed using the vertical jump test, Modified Illinois Change of Direction test and a timed 50-metre sprint. After a rest period of 1–4 days, the participants were strapped with Kinesio tape and the post-test, using the same objective measures, was conducted. Pre- and post-test analysis was performed using paired student t-test. Improvement was observed for running speed (p≤0.001, SD: 0.685), agility (p≤0.001; SD: 2.312) and plyometrics (p≤0.001; SD: 2.451). The application of Kinesio tape on the stabiliser muscles of the lower limbs significantly improved running speed, agility and plyometrics in amateur soccer players immediately after application.
Copyright (c) 2023 South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparison of nerve conduction velocities of lower extremities between football players and controls
This study aimed to compare neuronal function in the lower limbs of elite footballers and an age-matched control group. Conduction velocity, response latency and amplitude following electrical stimulation were investigated. Thirty male football players and 30 untrained males comprised the subject and control groups, respectively. We showed that professional football players have significantly slower sural nerve conduction velocity than untrained controls (p<0.05). Although we found no signs of neuropathy, mild changes in nerve conduction velocity were evident in the sural nerve of the players. Motor conduction velocity of tibial nerve was also significantly prolonged in this group when comparing dominant and non-dominant extremities (p<0.05). The tibial nerve muscle action potential amplitude was lower in the players’ dominant limbs compared with the controls (p<0.05). We found no statistical difference in motor conduction velocities, distal latencies and amplitudes of the common peroneal nerve when comparing players and controls in both dominant and non-dominant limbs (p>0.05). Our results showed abnormalities of function in the sural and tibial nerves in football players compared with untrained controls, which may indicate early signs of neuropathy.